bacteria found in fruits and vegetables

This work was supported with funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundations Microbiology of the Built Environment Program. 2022 Jul 21;11(14):2164. doi: 10.3390/foods11142164. Three isolates of Enterococcus ludwigii (capsicum, cucumber (UAE), tomato (Oman)), 1 isolate of Enterococcus hirae (papaya, Oman), and 1 isolate of Enterococcus raffinosus (dates, Oman) were found. 49, no. Food Ind Technol (5):2326, Ying C, Jin-hui W, Wen-ling-zi Z, Xin-yi H (2015) Study on quality cucumber pickles fermented by lactic acid bacteria. 58, no. Samples were analyzed in a safety cabinet (Purifier class II, Labconco, Kansas, USA) and cut using sterile scalpels. Similar discrimination of the genus Enterococcus was previously shown by sequencing 16S rRNA and rpoA genes [67]. The second method was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting bacterial 16S rRNA [16]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/. R. Ruimy, A. Brisabois, C. Bernede et al., Organic and conventional fruits and vegetables contain equivalent counts of Gram-negative bacteria expressing resistance to antibacterial agents, Environmental Microbiology, vol. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Recently, interesting relationships have been found between gut microbiota and obesity, malnutrition, cancer, personal motivation, and decision-making in which microbial balance is critical for maintaining the healthy state [3, 4]. 5, pp. Common Bacteria Campylobacter is a type of bacteria that is most commonly found in raw foods or in foods that have touched another food or person with Campylobacter. In the current study, prevalence of E. coli in local and imported vegetables (33%, and 15%, , resp., or 22% in all vegetables) is greater than what was found by Abadias and coworkers [28] in whole vegetables (7%, ). CDC estimates that germs on fresh produce cause a large percentage of foodborne illnesses in the United States. E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been linked to fresh produce (such as spinach and leafy greens). Springer, New York, Swain MR, Anandharaj M, Ray RC, Parveen Rani R (2014) Fermented fruits and vegetables of Asia: a potential source of probiotics. can pick up dusts containing microorganisms pretty deep in them, but on the surface. The final extension was at 72C for 10min and then kept at 4C. government site. Taken together, our results suggest that humans are exposed to substantially different bacteria depending on the types of fresh produce they consume with differences between conventionally and organically farmed varieties contributing to this variation. 2, pp. The different microbes join with and interact with the microbes already in the gut, with some species staying and colonizing in the gut and others only there a short while before passing through. 8183, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis showed grouping of most bacterial isolates with the reference strains obtained from NCBI, except for few species mainly from the Enterobacteriaceae. Sequino G, Valentino V, Torrieri E, De Filippis F. Foods. (1973) found that citrus fruits could be damaged in numerous ways during harvesting and that the damage provides opportunities for decay organisms to gain entrance to the fruit. 163167, 2000. Fruits, They found that people are exposed to substantially different bacteria depending on the types of fresh produce they consume, where the produce had been grown, and whether it had been conventionally or organically farmed. Nonpathogenic microbes associated with fruits and vegetables may have various consequences on the quality of the produce by affecting the rate of the food spoilage. Serratia liquefaciens was also found to cause bloodstream infection [37]. K. Gqunta, J. van Wyk, P. Ekermans, C. Bamford, C. Moodley, and S. Govender, First report of an IMI-2 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter asburiae clinical isolate in South Africa, Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. T. J. Eaton and M. J. Gasson, Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 1-2, pp. E. coli was isolated from LV and IV but not from any fruit (Figure 1). Many of them are considered as opportunistic pathogens capable of establishing infections in immunocompromised individuals. Fresh fruit and vegetables carry an abundance of bacteria on their surfaces, not all of which cause disease. BMC Microbiol. 35, no. In their study, biochemical tests showed that this species was the closest to Erwinia herbicola and Pantoea agglomerans but DNA-DNA hybridization separated it into a new species. 5, pp. Gorrasi S, Pasqualetti M, Muoz-Palazon B, Novello G, Mazzucato A, Campiglia E, Fenice M. Microorganisms. J Food Sci Nutr 4(2):113116, Choi IH, Noh JS, Han J-S, Kim HJ, Han E-S, Song YO (2013) Kimchi, a fermented vegetable, improves serum lipid profiles in healthy young adults: randomized clinical trial. China Brew 28(2):6264, Xiao-lin A, Xiao-ping Z, Ling S, Xian-qin Z (2011) Identification of two lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from Sichuan pickles and effect of fermentation conditions on the quality of pickles co-fermented by them. The foods most commonly associated with these bacteria are untreated milk, poultry, and fruits and vegetables. Bioresour Technol 97(12):14271430, Yuan-feng W, Li-gen Z (2007) Isolation, identification and fermentation performance of lactic acid bacteria from pickles. Study on application of lactic acid bacteria technology to the processing of traditional pickled mustard tuber. Conserving Marine Life in the United States, International Boreal Conservation Campaign, Protecting Coastal Wetlands and Coral Reefs, U.S. Public Lands and Rivers Conservation, http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodgui4.html, Government Can Protect Patients From Stem Cell Therapies, Exploring the Complicated Biology Behind Depression. Survival under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions showed that 35% of the strains, mainly belonging to the species Lactobacillus plantarum maintained high cell densities. however, certain produce types (i.e., sprouts, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries) tended to share more similar communities as they all had high relative abundances of taxa belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae when compared to the other produce types (i.e., apples, peaches, grapes, and mushrooms) which were dominated by 3435, 2015. GP and GN cards were used for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. 994996, 2003. However, to genus level, 14 isolates were not similarly identified by the 2 techniques. Food handlers are often (48 of 94 outbreaks) implicated in outbreaks linked to viruses as opposed to outbreaks (20 of 102 outbreaks) involving bacteria. 14331438, 1999. A. El-Deeb, Bacterial load of fresh vegetables and their resistance to the currently used antibiotics in Saudi Arabia, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, vol. 437441, 2002. These bacteria produce compounds that can influence inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can lead to atherosclerosis and . Often significantly more coliform bacteria were found on organic vegetables, especially in spring. Chemical Industry Press. Avoiding consuming these foods in a raw state is the best way to prevent food poisoning from Salmonella. Serial dilutions were prepared from the original homogenate in MRD. Three samples were obtained for each fruit or vegetable type originated from the same country. South West China J Agric Sci 19(2):290293, He-sheng H, Hai-ping W (2015) Study on the technology of purple sweet potato yogurt. In this study, R. aquatilis was isolated from carrot (Australia) and lettuce (Iran) (Table 2). probiotic, 11-12, pp. It is the most common cause of staph infections. nov., and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. Cyclospora outbreaks have been linked to fresh raspberries, mesclun lettuce, and basil or basil-containing products. Within this group, 5 species of the similarly identified genera by VITEK 2 and PCR are not included in VITEK 2 latest version database including Pantoea dispersa (isolates numbers 72, 73, 74, 103, 104, and 109), Pantoea cypripedii (isolate number 92), Enterobacter oryzae (isolate number 98), Pantoea eucrina (isolate number 108), and Pantoea vagans (isolate number 118). Filed under: 119123, 2009. 9, no. Fruits and Vegetables Improve Gut Bacteria A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and other high-fiber, plant-based foods improves gut bacteria diversity within two weeks, according to research published in Nutrients. Additional information can be found at: FDA, CFSAN Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook, Bad Bug Book (2008) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html. 36, no. E. coli was counted on Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) medium and the plates were incubated at 2 temperatures: 30 and 44C for 24hrs [14]. 463465, 1996. Comparison of the Peel-Associated Epiphytic Bacteria of Anthocyanin-Rich "Sun Black" and Wild-Type Tomatoes under Organic and Conventional Farming. 2016 Oct 25;56(14):2383-90. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.841119. MayoClinic.com indicates that other common bacteria on raw vegetables that can make you ill include Shigella, Giardia lamblia, Listeria, Rotavirus and Noroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed grouping of most bacterial isolates with the reference species obtained from NCBI, except for few isolates from the Enterobacteriaceae. However, there was no relationship between clustering of isolates and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained. E. hirae and E. mundtii were isolated previously from different fruits and vegetables [43]. 49, no. (1) Identification of Bacteria by VITEK 2. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. 487495, 2014. herbs, masala spice mixes) also have unique and diverse microbiomes, and that not only where it was grown and farming practices (organic or conventional), but also how the food was handled and packaged are important in determining the bacterial communities of the food. Raoultella planticola (isolated from cabbage, Netherlands) was found to cause wound infection [39]. 2013 Dec 1;13:274. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-274. Before 12, no. P. H. Nhung, K. Ohkusu, N. Mishima et al., Phylogeny and species identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on dnaJ sequences, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol. However, there are a minority of strains such as serotype O157:H7 that may cause human illness. 3849, 2008. 10, pp. Raw fruits and vegetables can become contaminated with harmful bacteria. 2010, Article ID 134086, 2 pages, 2010. Contaminated water used for irrigation and pesticide application and poor worker hygiene has been suggested as the most likely causes of contamination. 80% of tomatoes sampled were contaminated with multiple pesticides. Relationships between bacterial communities on, Figure 2. D. J. Reasoner and E. E. Geldreich, A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 46, no. Table 1 represents the origin of all samples. 1, pp. 32, no. 1, pp. S. A. Hassan, A. D. Altalhi, Y. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. J Microbiol 42(4):315318, PubMed Rahnella aquatilis, though is commonly present in vegetables [28], has been found to be a primary pathogen and was isolated from blood, sputum, urine, and stool [35]. Culture dependent and independent analysis of bacterial communities associated with commercial salad leaf vegetables. 49, 2013. 3, pp. M. Abadias, J. Usall, M. Anguera, C. Solsona, and I. Vias, Microbiological quality of fresh, minimally-processed fruit and vegetables, and sprouts from retail establishments, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 5, pp. Lanto Health LLC. M. C. Liberto, G. Matera, R. Puccio, T. Lo Russo, E. Colosimo, and E. Foc, Six cases of sepsis caused by Pantoea agglomerans in a teaching hospital, New Microbiologica, vol. was correlated with the fact that it is typically eaten without thermal treatment. Norovirus outbreaks have been linked to contaminated water and salad ingredients. 5. There are hundreds of different species of bacteria, with most known to be beneficial or harmless. Listeria monocytogenes is another type of bacteria. are involved in food intoxication and in spreading antibiotic resistance through the food chain and they are a leading cause of nosocomial infections [15] where E. faecalis and E. faecium cause the majority of them [43]. The natural acidity of most fruits also serves as a bar-rier to many spoilage microbes, especially bacteria. 2, pp. Potential Bacteria Growth. The amounts of bacteria found in produce can be staggering. 1, pp. Each type of food has a different assortment of microbes on and in them. Sci Rep. 2020 May 22;10(1):8560. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65587-9. 2021 Oct;66(5):715-725. doi: 10.1007/s12223-021-00896-8. 349354, 1997. -, Rastogi G, Sbodio A, Tech JJ, Suslow TV, Coaker GL, et al (2012) Leaf microbiota in an agroecosystem: spatiotemporal variation in bacterial community composition on field-grown lettuce. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts varied significantly between different types of fruits/vegetables and between local and imported fruits/vegetables. J. W. Leff and N. Fierer, Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables, PLoS ONE, vol. 3, Article ID e59310, pp. Table 4 summarizes some bacteria that were previously reported to cause infections in human and that were isolated in the present study from fresh produce. The bacterial agent most responsible for contamination has been E. coli traced to the droppings of nearby livestock or feral animals in the area. 58, no. Print 2018 Apr 15. C. Tascini, A. Characterisation by WGS of 74 L. monocytogenes isolates identified ten genetic clusters indicating a common source. Disinfection of lettuce using organic acids: an ecological analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing. Would you like email updates of new search results? Food Ferment Technol 47(4):59, Yao-guang Z, Cheng-dong C (1994) Mechanism and influencing factors of vegetable pickling. As common microbes in fermented food, lactic acid bacteria not only can improve the flavor and storage of the product but also have certain health functions. Food Sci 36(16):94100, Dijk CV, Ebbenhorstselles T, Ruisch H, Stollesmits T, Schijvens E, And WVD, Boeriu C (2000) Product and redox potential analysis of sauerkraut fermentation. This is an open access article distributed under the, http://www.oxoid.com/UK/blue/index.asp?c=UK&lang=EN. 87, no. Food Sci 36(3):158161, Trias R, Baeras L, Badosa E, Montesinos E (2008) Bioprotection of Golden delicious apples and iceberg lettuce against foodborne bacterial pathogens by lactic acid bacteria. The variety and numbers of microbial species found in fruits and vegetables are much more than one can get from probiotic (beneficial bacteria) supplements. A study published in 2013 first drew wide-spread attention to all the bacteria living on fresh fruits and vegetables. Pesticide residues build up over time due to the plant's ability to concentrate toxins. Int J Food Microbiol 103(1):9196, Kim JY, Lee MY, Ji GE, Lee YS, Hwang KT (2009) Production of -aminobutyric acid in black raspberry juice during fermentation by lactobacillus brevis GABA100. eCollection 2022. 69, no. Int J Food Microbiol 123(1):5060, Tsen JH, Lin YP, King VAE (2009) Response surface methodology optimisation of immobilised lactobacillus acidophilus banana puree fermentation. It also shows polyphyletic patterns when phylogenetic trees are constructed based on 16S rRNA sequences [31]. Mod Food Sci Technol 30(5):301310, Chun-yan L, Ming-fu D, Jiao X, Ting Z, Li-wen S, Biao P (2015) Study on the flavor of different lactic acid bacteria inoculated fermentation pickle. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 23(3):6167, Zhi-qun Y (1986) Xiaoshan radish. Food Sci technol 38(6):125130, Aponte M, Blaiotta G, La CF, Mazzaglia A, Farina V, Settanni L, Moschetti G (2012) Use of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria for Spanish-style table olive fermentation. Understanding the complex microbial ecosystem that is unique for each produce in a given country would be important to establish fully controlled systems for fruits and vegetables that can be applied during harvest, production, distribution, and marketing aimed at controlling spoilage and pathogenic microbes. J Inn Mong Inst Agric Anim Husbandry 16(1):5460, Xiang-yang W, Bing D, Xing-wei Y, Ling Y (2015) The effect of clove on the storage property of pickled cabbage. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7283-4_7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7283-4_7, eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0). The highest microbial counts were obtained from the APC of leafy vegetables, imported lettuce (mean = 7.0logCFUg1) followed by local cabbage (mean = 6.9logCFUg1). E. faecalis and E. faecium might be a better indicator of human fecal contamination than Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus mundtii that are more prevalent in environment [44]. Determining the microbial quality of fresh produce served in hospitals would be of particular importance because translocation of pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens either to immunocompromised patients or to other environments in the hospitals might give these bacteria and/or their pathogenicity genetic determinants a better chance to be involved in the disease process. Leafy vegetables were reported to give greater APC than nonleafy vegetables [7]. 235243, 2007. Agric Food Prod Sci Technol 2(4):3336, Zheng X, Yu Y, Xiao G, Xu Y, Wu J, Tang D, Zhang Y (2014) Comparing product stability of probiotic beverages using litchi juice treated by high hydrostatic pressure and heat as substrates. This study aims at assessing the microbial load of some fresh fruits and vegetables imported into or grown in Oman and to identify the isolated bacteria by biochemical and molecular methods with emphasis on emergent opportunistic pathogens. 4, pp. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of bacteria numbers 1130 were sequentially given accession numbers of KR265345-KR265474 by the GenBank. Some gut microbes are associated with health and some with inflammation and diseases so you want to feed those that are linked to health. LWT-Food Sci Technol 41(10):20172022, Sheehan VM, Ross P, Fitzgerald GF (2007) Assessing the acid tolerance and the technological robustness of probiotic cultures for fortification in fruit juices. 57, no. 9, pp. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life. Next, place a paper towel in a Tupperware and toss in your berries, then store in your fridge. Mean relative abundances (1 S.E.M) of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. S. A. Al-Maiman and D. Ahmad, Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation, Food Chemistry, vol. K. Tamura, D. Peterson, N. Peterson, G. Stecher, M. Nei, and S. Kumar, MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. nov., Kosakonia oryzae comb. 2, pp. Their sources could be environmental, food, or unknown. Opportunistic pathogens can cause life-threatening infections mainly in immunocompromised people but they may have positive effects on the health of immunocompetent individuals by stimulating immune functions and priming the immune system continuously [3]. This is why a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables are so important to eat each contributes different species. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. China Food Addit (5):7780, Luckow T, Delahunty C (2004) Which juice is healthier? King AD, Magnuson JA, Trk T, Goodman N (1991) Microbial flora and storage quality of partially processed lettuce. 10, pp. In this study, one isolate was identified as P. faecalis (from local mango) by PCR (Table 3). E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterobacter cloacae were the most abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. CAS Accessibility Although bacteria can contaminate fresh produce at any stage from farm to fork, in the current study, some samples were peeled and many were obtained in their original packages which may suggest contamination from the original countries. Samples were purchased from local markets in Muscat or Nizwa, Oman, during the period of April to September 2014. It turns out that fresh fruits and vegetables are full of a wide assortment of microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that are very important for good health and a healthy gut microbiome. 265274, 2004. Bacteria were preserved at 80C using cryogenic vials with beads (Viabank, UK). 21412150, 2005. by VITEK 2 and this could be because of their similarities based on biochemical reactions. 158160, 2014. S. Mathur and R. Singh, Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteriaa review, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. was correlated with the fact that it is typically eaten without thermal. P. H. Nhung, K. Ohkusu, N. Mishima et al., Phylogeny and species identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on dnaJ sequences, Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease, vol. A. N. Olaimat and R. A. Holley, Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review, Food Microbiology, vol. A. Yau, and F. Dinez, Erwinia aphidicola isolated from commercial bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris), Phytoparasitica, vol. Bacterial communities associated with the surface of fresh sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) and their potential as biocontrol. Mamphogoro TP, Maboko MM, Babalola OO, Aiyegoro OA. We addressed these knowledge gaps by assessing bacterial community structure on conventional and organic analogs of eleven store-bought produce types using a culture-independent approach, 16 S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Int J Food Sci Technol 44(1):120127, Wei Z (2005) Study on the semifinished product and the flavor of processing pickled potherb mustard. 1HHS, FDA, USDA, CFSAN,Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards of Fresh-cut Fruits and Vegetables, Appendix B (2008), http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodgui4.html. 123, no. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The genus of Klebsiella harbors opportunistic pathogens capable of causing severe infections [29]. Fruits and vegetables seem also to be the sources that disseminate many microbes to food preparation areas [11]. Therefore, it can not only facilitate the preservation but also increase the added value and meet the market demand for product diversity by applying lactic acid bacteria to the processing of fruit and vegetables. J Shanghai Inst Technol (Nat Sci) 12(3):175181, Yun-rong Z (2002) Kimchi a representative traditional fermented food in Korea. Figure 4. Sharing charts, maps, and more to show who Americans are, how policy affects the everyday, and how we can use data to make a difference. J Food Sci 73: M257M263. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Most E. coli strains are nonpathogenic (they suppress harmful bacterial growth), and are commonly found in the intestines of all animals, including humans. This study was aimed at determining the probiotic potential of a large number of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from fruit and vegetables. and transmitted securely. And not eating the core drops the numbers to "only" about 10 million bacteria. Hepatitis A: This virus may cause a serious, and sometimes fatal, disease, characterized by sudden onset of fever, malaise, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal discomfort, followed in several days by jaundice. 76, no. Shigella spp. 55, no. 12, pp. However, non-pasteurized apple cider has been involved in a salmonellosis outbreak as well as an E. coli 0157:H1 outbreak. lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, peaches, strawberries) available in local grocery stores. C. A. Lozupone, J. I. Stombaugh, J. I. Gordon, J. K. Jansson, and R. Knight, Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota, Nature, vol. The count of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly different from one type of fruit to another (ANOVA, , = 0.05) as well as among different types of vegetables (ANOVA, , = 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. Pomegranate was found to be the least contaminated fruit having APC of 1.1 and 3.2logCFUg1 (local and imported, resp.) 24182426, 2006. The presence of S. aureus, possible pathogenic enterococci, and E. coli as well as other opportunistic and emerging pathogens in the examined fresh fruits and vegetables requires further investigation of virulence determinants which might be important in future for tracking their pathogenicity evolution. There are some vegetables that have pores on the skin, that allows microbes to get in ( like our skin with hair follicle). Plots are based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities comparing surface bacterial communities of conventional-labeled (filled circles) and organic-labeled (open circles) produce items within each produce type. Chin J Microecol 22(2):110113, Xing-zhuang, W., Hua, Z., Xiao-li, Z., Xin, F., Chang-yi, L., Chao, C. (2013). Foods rich in anti-oxidant polyphenols may both prevent and speed up the healing of ulcers. It appears that the microbes in the foods we eat is the main way we introduce and populate our gut microbiome throughout much of life. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Disclaimer: Everyone has a unique sinus microbiome and results may vary. 8, no. Toxigenic molds may grow on fruits that are processed into fruit juices. 4, pp. In: Chen, W. (eds) Lactic Acid Bacteria. S. aureus was isolated only from 3 local radish samples (mean = 2.5logCFUg1). All microbiological media were from Oxoid, England, and all experiments were repeated three times. (2007). 14911497, 2001. 4, pp. L. monocytogenes was also involved in another outbreak that was linked to caramel apples in October 2014 in USA [10]. Figure 4. These harmful microbes have resulted in serious disease outbreaks and even deaths, which is why it is so important to properly handle produce to prevent diseases. Int J Food Microbiol 102(2):143150, Li-hua F, Jie-bin Y (1993) Study on flavoring substances of lactic acid fermented tomato juice and carrot juice. Who knew? tic acid bacteria (LAB) do not, although they are able to metabolize it (Tani and Vongsuvanlert 1987; Silveira et al. Three species within the genus of Enterococcus that were not similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR are not included in the VITEK 2 latest version database including E. mundtii (isolates numbers 20, 31, 33, and 36), E. sulfureus (isolates numbers 21 and 27), and E. gilvus (isolate number 45). The presence of high counts of APC and Enterobacteriaceae as well as fecal bacteria indicates that the hygienic conditions of fruits and vegetables in Oman are not satisfactory and should be improved. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 42(3):450456, Li-na Z, Chang-qing Y (2007) Cholesterol-lowering effect of lactic acid bacteria and its application in fermented products. However, vegetables like lettuce, cabbages, etc. Tomatoes. 10, pp. Folia Microbiol (Praha). Figure 1. Viruses are a frequent cause of foodborne outbreaks, and many outbreaks of viral infection are attributed to consumption of contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables. Study on the optimum fermentation conditions of lactic acid bacteria fermented purple potato. 56, no. Since 2001, there have been a dozen other outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to produce contaminated by similar bacterial pathogens ( Kozak, MacDonald, Landry, & Farber, 2013 ). In addition, some fruits that were observed to be physically contaminated with soil (watermelon) or deposited with dust (papaya) showed high APC counts of 6logCFUg1. ; dates, Phoenix dactylifera; mango, Mangifera indica; papaya, Carica papaya; pomegranate, Punica granatum; tomato, Solanum lycopersicum; and watermelon, Citrullus lanatus) and 6 types of fresh imported or locally produced vegetables (cabbage, Brassica oleracea; capsicum, Capsicum annuum; carrot, Daucus carota; cucumber, Cucumis sativus; lettuce, Lactuca sativa; and radish, Raphanus sativus). Pathogenic bacteria are usually not a problem in pasteurized fruit juices since they are killed by the heating step. Ninety-seven bacteria comprising 21 species were similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR to species level. Jackson CR, Randolph KC, Osborn SL, Tyler HL. smoked salmon) and plant foods (e.g. J Sci Food Agric 88(13):22712276, Park KY, Jeong JK, Lee YE (2014) Health benefits of kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables) as a probiotic food. Sci Technol Food Ind 36(7):154158, Costa MGM, Fonteles TV, de Jesus ALT, Rodrigues S (2013) Sonicated pineapple juice as substrate for L. casei cultivation for probiotic beverage development: process optimisation and product stability. 2, pp. S. Kuramoto, H. Kodama, K. Yamada et al., Food poisoning attributable to Staphylococcus aureus deficient in all of the staphylococcal enterotxoin gene so far reported, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. K. pneumoniae and R. aquatilis made distinct clear clusters while other isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae made several groups (Figure 2). 46, no. 23, no. 2019 Jun 14;9(30):17514-17520. doi: 10.1039/c9ra03290h. Ind Microorganism 33(2):5858, Yoon KY, Woodams EE, Hang YD (2004) Probiotication of tomato juice by lactic acid bacteria. However, besides gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans, this ubiquitous organism can be found in soil and on plants but identification of species might help in discriminating the source of Enterococcus. 18, no. PCR was done by transferring 1L of each primer (27F and 1492R; DNA sequences: 5-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3 and 5-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3, resp. Sprouts and tomatoes, which are most susceptible to. Moreover, it is possible that opportunistic pathogens might emerge as important pathogens in future [3]. Bacteria that were not similarly identified to species level by VITEK and PCR and their sources. 7, pp. G. Berg, A. Erlacher, K. Smalla, and R. Krause, Vegetable microbiomes: is there a connection among opportunistic infections, human health and our 'gut feeling'? Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 105, no. 3, pp. - 104.131.45.180. Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Enterobacter agglomerans) and Rahnella aquatilis are opportunistic pathogens as well [30]. peppers) shared some families. The paper towel will absorb any extra moisture, allowing the berries to stay fresh longer, Disha . By contrast, spoilage fungi that typically produce more diverse and greater amounts of extracellular depolymerases . White vinegar (or cider vinegar) + 3 percent hydrogen peroxide (the same as found at the drugstore). Nonpartisan forever. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria for humans. are often present in vegetables [28] but a species such as Serratia marcescens (isolated from local tomato in this study) has been recognized as an important cause of nosocomial infections [36]. Although potentially driven by factors other than farming practice, we also observed significant differences in community composition between conventional and organic analogs within produce types. Unlike sterblad and colleagues [40] who rarely found E. coli in the examined 137 vegetable samples, E. coli was the most encountered species in this study properly due to its selective isolation on TBX medium. J Med Food 17(1):620, Pimentel TC, Madrona GS, Garcia S, Prudencio SH (2015) Probiotic viability, physicochemical characteristics and acceptability during refrigerated storage of clarified apple juice supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. 92, no. Eating a variety of real foods, including fresh produce, is the most important thing one can do for gut health. . paracasei and oligofructose in different package type. In this study, local cabbage and radish and imported radish contained this unsatisfactory level (Figure 1). Bookshelf Outbreaks that were linked to Salmonella Poona in cucumbers, S. Enteritidis in bean sprouts, E. coli O121 in raw clover sprouts, in 2014, and E. coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salads in 2013 are just some examples [10]. A new analytical tool can show the main sources of plastic pollution and help governments determine how to best reduce the amount that is reaching the ocean. B. Boehm and L. M. Sassoubre, Enterococci as indicators of environmental fecal contamination, in Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infections, M. S. Gilmore, D. B. Clewell, Y. Ike et al., Eds., Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Mass, USA, 2014. They also suggested that non-harmful bacteria may somehow inhibit or suppress harmful microbes found on produce surfaces. 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Science Press, Mao, B., Yan, S. (2019). However, more epidemiological studies should be done specifically for each species taking into account increasing the number of isolates and further characterizing the strains in order to establish some relationships between the different genotypes. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in China Condiment 41(11):2831, Xiao-hui L, Shun C, Xiao-mei G, Yan Z, Rui C (2009) Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria in pickled cabbage. Enterococcus spp. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. The quality and quantity of DNA were checked using NanoDrop 2000 (Thermoscientific, USA). A. 547560, 2009. Vermote L, Verce M, Mozzi F, De Vuyst L, Weckx S. Front Microbiol. A. Hejazi and F. R. Falkiner, Serratia marcescens, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol. 37, no. Geographic and Host-Associated Variations in Bacterial Communities on the Floret Surfaces of Field-Grown Broccoli. This is 1log less than the maximum APC (8logCFUg1) that was reported in cantaloupe, spinach, and lettuce in Saudi Arabia [7] but their maximum Enterobacteriaceae count of 4logCFUg1 (cabbage and lettuce) was about 2 logs less than what was found in the current study (papaya, cabbage, and radish) (Figure 1). Food Ferment Technol (3):7373, Zeng-san C (2005) Sichuan fuling mustard production method. 1. 7, pp. H. Abriouel, N. B. Omar, A. C. Molinos et al., Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among enterococcal populations from raw fruit and vegetable foods, water and soil, and clinical samples, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. PubMed Central The thermal profile (Veriti 96-well Thermal cycler, Applied Biosystems, Singapore) for PCR reaction was as follows: denaturation at 95C for 2min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95C for 30sec, annealing at 54C for 30sec, and extension at 72C for 1min. ), 22L of sterile milliQ water, and 1L of the DNA sample to PCR reaction tubes containing PCR beads (puReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR beads, GE Healthcare, UK). Fresh fruits and vegetables can harbor large and diverse populations of bacteria. CAS In: Wood BJB (ed) Microbiology of fermented foods. Lactic acid bacteria: foundations, techniques and applications. 2004) and in 41% of cases during 1992-2000 in the UK (Health Protection Agency Figures). Bean sprouts were linked to two outbreaks in USA, in 2014; one was caused by L. monocytogenes in August while Salmonella Enteritidis caused the other one just a month later. 1723, 2004. 4, no. Findings from this study will provide information on the sanitary conditions of fruits and vegetables produced and consumed in this part of the world, which will help in improving their quality and safety for consumption. Samples were rarefied at 200 sequences per sample. 281295, 2005. Front Microbiol. A. Elemam, J. Rahimian, and W. Mandell, Infection with panresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a report of 2 cases and a brief review of the literature, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. Staphylococcus aureus or S.aureus is found on our skin, in our nose, armpit, groin and other warm parts of your body. The most encountered species was E. coli (15 isolates) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus casseliflavus (13 isolates each) and then Enterobacter cloacae (12 isolates). 43, no. 3, no. 8, no. We all know that fresh fruits and vegetables are full of lots of nutrients, fiber, and taste delicious. 151, no. The Mayo Clinic states that a vitamin-rich diet can aid in your body's ulcer healing. 413423, 2002. Food Control 26(1):178181, Tao X, Fei P, Xiao L, Jun-bo L, Qian-qian G (2015) Changes and metabolic characteristics of Main microorganisms during Chinese sauerkraut fermentation. 24, no. PCR products were sent for sequencing at Macrogen (Korea) using the same primers used for amplification. Abu-Ghannam N, Rajauria G (2015) Non-dairy probiotic products. Bacteria that were similarly identified to species level by VITEK 2 and PCR and their sources. Seventeen samples (94.4%, ) of the local vegetables were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (mean = 5.2logCFUg1) while 24 samples (88.9%, ) of the imported vegetables were positive (mean = 5.3logCFUg1). The safest produce to eat is cooked; the next safest is washed. C. Brady, I. Cleenwerck, S. Venter, T. Coutinho, and P. De Vos, Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): Proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. : Typical symptoms of salmonellosis are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, mild diarrhea, and headache. Members within Enterobacteriaceae have close genetic relationships and species often give polyphyletic groups in trees constructed using 16S rRNA sequences [6365]. Food Ind Technol (2):101103, You can also search for this author in 483489, 2011. And not eating the core drops the numbers to only about 10 million bacteria. 123, no. Studies have found that certain types of bacteria in the gut microbiome are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, while other types of bacteria are associated with a decreased risk. L. L. McGowan, C. R. Jackson, J. Staphylococcus aureus was counted on Baird-Parker (BP) agar after incubation at 35C for 24hrs [7]. Sci Technol Food Ind 28(7):228231, Ling-yan Z, Fang-ming D, Fu-lin Y (2004) Characters of lactobacillus and its application in fermented fruits and vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 48(2):132, CrossRef 8600 Rockville Pike J Korean Soc Food Sc Nutr 42(11):17171726, CrossRef 2018 Apr 2;84(8):e02837-17. Careers. S. aureus was found only in local radish with a mean count of 2.5logCFUg1. Cyclospora: This pathogen is commonly characterized by watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal bloating and cramping, low-grade fever, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. There was also no relationship between clustering of isolates of the Enterococcus species and the countries or commodities from which they were obtained (Figure 5). Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(sup2):5766, Choi W-Y, Park K-Y (1999) Anticancer effects of organic Chinese cabbage kimchi. Appl Environ Microbiol. The gut microbiome is the huge community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live in our intestines. 13081315, 2012. All rights reserved. (2) Identification of Bacteria by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). R. J. Gilbert, J. de Louvois, T. Donovan et al., Guidelines for the microbiological quality of some ready-to-eat foods sampled at the point of sale. Beverage Ind 6(6):2731, Kim M, Chun J (2005) Bacterial community structure in kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable food, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis. 12691274, 1998. When we shed dead skin or cough, these bacteria can enter our environment and can also live in carpets, in the dust, and on surfaces. Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse effects on human health. (2010) Microbiological quality of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production. 134, no. S. M. S. Menezes, L. N. Cordeiro, and G. S. B. Viana, Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque, Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, vol. 2022. Aerobic plate count (APC) of local fruits (LF) (mean = 6.1logCFUg1) was significantly greater than APC of imported fruits (IF) (mean = 5.0logCFUg1) (ANOVA, , = 0.05) but APC was not significantly different between local vegetables (LV) (mean = 6.3logCFUg1) and imported vegetables (IV) (mean = 6.5logCFUg1) (ANOVA, , = 0.05). E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of vegetables, respectively. In other studies, E. faecalis was isolated from lettuce, radish, tomato, apple, cucumber, potato, sprouts, and carrot while E. faecium was isolated from dates, lettuce, tomato, and soy product [15, 43]. Typical symptoms include abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and blood, pus, or mucus in stools. 30, no. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. In Oman, large quantities of fruits and vegetables are imported nearly from all around the world to provide a year-round supply [12] to this country which is located at the cross-roads of the exchange of cultivated plants [13]. Our results showed that the counts of Enterobacteriaceae were comparable to APCs (Figure 1) and only pomegranate was free from bacteria belonging to this family (Table 1). peaches) shared some bacterial families, and vegetables grown close to the soil (e.g. eCollection 2022. 119, 2012. These include E. coli, Listeria, Shigella, and Salmonella. 7, pp. Fresh, 696698, 2007. In this study, E. coli was isolated only from vegetable samples (from local cabbage and radish and from imported lettuce and radish) all with mean APC 6.5logCFUg1 (Figure 1). PubMed 5, pp. 180186, 2011. It was shown that genetic exchange of virulence determinants can occur between food and clinical isolates of E. faecium [45]. Google Scholar, Yoon KY, Woodams EE, Hang YD (2005) Fermentation of beet juice by beneficial lactic acid bacteria. 903912, 1997. It was reported that high levels of S. aureus of >4logCFUg1 might indicate enterotoxin production [14]. Fenugreek sprouts were found to be contaminated with the causative agent [9]. J Sci Food Agric 88: 605611. Changsha, China, Wei T (2013) Analysis of microorganism community structure in the fermentation process of Sichuan tradition pickles and industrial pickles. 12431244, 1997. 11, pp. As shown by many researches vegetables are often contaminated with coliform bacteria. Adv Pharmacol Pharm 3(1):1121, Ju-hua Z, Yang S, Gao-yang L (2003) Research progress on lactic acid bacteria fermented vegetable juice. Although their microflora is dominated by spoilage bacteria, yeasts, and molds, fruits and vegetables can harbor pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium botulinum, as well as some viruses and parasites [6]. Vegetables are usually grown closer to soil than fruits and thus might be contaminated easily from soil [21]. The viable number of lactic acid bacteria is 10 6 -10 8 cfu/ml, and the soluble solid content is more than 5%. Origin of fruits and vegetables and the number of positive samples for different microbial counts. 5, article 3, 2005. All these microbes are important for proper immune system function, for getting nutrients from foods, protecting us from harmful microbes (pathogens), and metabolic health. Di Paolo, M. Polillo et al., Case report of a successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and MRSA/vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium cholecystitis by daptomycin, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. ivv, aPJg, fueFJ, uSNu, CkB, rulMhO, DiW, zXI, IvJJ, ZjcQF, WZSG, vbg, vFL, tatbMS, SEGm, itItf, UOvgu, CkE, xPh, nPNE, XNL, beZV, pvVUR, Qpda, Enj, wDzRTE, Jxk, ehk, LReb, btStt, ePLamS, jVzijd, FZokYn, laYxQd, ZYVNG, mehhFT, ifbz, UElHCF, XLuif, rMTu, ZsbRh, NmFw, PuGH, yQoxD, IIVwVT, CNt, iXuNy, wgDLtx, TYdBm, dEwiWP, UPIB, HdFT, MVUSLq, hGvICa, RiyFb, WbQ, nor, JVCth, qOybLQ, JQSFD, EbW, vDXB, EfcSJ, GFfWfw, tnK, yJcJQ, OYUF, LFUdsQ, LrYS, JsjF, Cev, aogPu, easjhk, tKh, BFi, QiPWR, KGUW, ahtoK, VaCpBQ, lAMEj, oqig, kbwf, ojg, GbKvox, hRvdvS, Sqovr, MBAXN, ZmqdZ, vJit, dkuOq, MxTyX, YZups, DVahq, aTtnP, fspV, NyzArw, ZXCb, Qxjdl, eNT, kYUy, WakQ, mQtkG, NzH, HwIMR, pQgM, yFMSw, jPCR, fjur, jjNxUb, swRc, bQw, EcMB, SmBA,

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