Briefly, cells were lysed in RLT-lysis buffer, followed by a column-based purification process and on-column DNA digestion to remove any traces of DNA. We identified ETV2 as an upstream regulator of the Rhoj gene in the endothelial lineage during migration. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Neg, negative; Lo, low; Inter, intermediate, Hi, high. Stem Cells. (D) Whole-cell lysates subjected to Western blot analysis. Dox-inducible ETV2 and rtTA-transduced, Transient ETV2 expression is sufficient, Transient ETV2 expression is sufficient to directly convert part of HAFs into ETVECs., Endogenous FOXC2 in HAFs is essential for ETVEC induction. Approach and Results: Analysis of RNAseq datasets showed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. 2022 Aug 23;9:972591. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972591. analyzed data; and R.M. Endothelial cell origin and migration in embryonic heart and cranial blood vessel development. Connecting proliferation and apoptosis in development and disease. Combinatorial regulation of endothelial gene expression by ets and forkhead transcription factors. sc-164278; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc, Dallas, TX). 2022 Jul 19;11(14):2242. doi: 10.3390/cells11142242. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. DNA-Protein complexes were resolved on a 6% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel in 0.5 TBE (40 mmol/L Tris pH 8.3, 45 mmol/L boric acid, and 1 mmol/L EDTA) at room temperature. Figure 3. To further investigate how ETV2 induces EC transformation from HAFs, we transduced ETV2 alone into HAFs via lentivirus infection. Vierbuchen T, Wernig M. Direct lineage conversions: Unnatural but useful? Epub 2015 May 21. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds the promoter region of Rhoj serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Consequently, whereas the expression intensity of induced ETV2 and endogenous FLI1 in HAFs depended on the Dox concentration, endogenous ERG expression levels in HAFs did not increase at higher Dox concentrations (Fig. All authors approved the article. {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE48980","term_id":"48980","extlink":"1"}}GSE48980). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PMC Statistical significance was determined using the Student t test when comparing 2 groups and 1-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons when comparing >2 groups. At 14 d after injection, the HAF-injected group lost the hind limbs by autoamputation (Fig. 1H and and5F)5F) but also multiple endothelial developmental factors (ERG, FLI1, GATA2, and TAL1) at levels similar to those of HUVECs (Fig. E, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis for Rhoj transcripts from EYFP and EYFP+ cells sorted from Etv2-EYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) embryos at E8.5. ( A ) HAFs at 15 d after ETV2, ETVECs establish mature functional vasculature, ETVECs establish mature functional vasculature in vivo. White arrows indicate that erythrocytes were circulating in ETVEC-constituting vasculature. Migration was significantly enhanced in the +Dox condition. Circ Res. ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) regulates the expression of Rhoj.A, The transcriptional start site region of Rhoj contains an ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq peak and an assay for transposase accessible chromatin (ATAC)-seq peak (+Dox vs Dox). A P0.05 was considered a significant change and was highlighted in each panel by an asterisk. Having established Rhoj as a downstream effector of ETV2, we undertook migration assays, knockdown assays, and rescue experiments to decipher the role of the ETV2-Rhoj network in cell migration. To explore this possibility, we utilized the iHA-Etv2 ESC/EB system and performed qPCR analysis of D4 EBs in the presence (+Dox) and absence (Dox) of doxycycline. Local Info 2016;118:77-111. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.005. We also observed that the overexpression of ETV2 led to increased cell migration in both EBs and MEFs. To monitor whether ETV2 could regulate the expression of Rhoj, we analyzed the upstream region of the Rhoj gene and identified evolutionary conserved ETV2-binding motifs among various species (Figure 5A). Next, we performed electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays using IRdye-labeled double stranded DNA oligonucleotides (oligos) that harbored the conserved ETV2-binding motifs in the Rhoj promoter region. 3B). However, mutant mice that lacked Etv1, Etv4 and Etv5 still created lens fiber cells, suggesting that the transcription factors are largely unnecessary for lens fiber cells formation. Li J, et al. Additional emphasis should be given to identification of novel pathways in migration as well as the promotion of the Etv2-Rhoj network in the context of ischemia or the repression of the Etv2-Rhoj network in the context of tumor vascular biology and angiogenesis, as both of these factors have been shown to play a role in cancer.12,3436. Theisen, E. Skie, and M.G. Persistent nuclei in Etv and Tsc1 mutant lenses. (B) At 20 d after the Dox withdrawal, CD31hi and CD31 cells were subjected to quantitative RT-PCR. S10B). Induction of hematopoietic and endothelial cell program orchestrated by ETS transcription factor ER71/ETV2. See this image and copyright information in PMC. WebRecent findings We recently demonstrated that the ETS transcription factor Etv2, a critical factor for haematopoietic and vascular development, is also required for haematopoietic In addition, multiple EC colonies were observed at 20 d after Dox withdrawal (Fig. The site is secure. At 15 d after the infection of HAFs with these lentiviruses, EC induction was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. The size of the dot indicates the number of the genes annotated with corresponding GO terms, and the color of the dot indicates the P of the Fisher exact test of the pathway analysis. An official website of the United States government. The primers we used for our study were: Rhoj Promoter Fwd: 5- GTTCCCCAGAAGTCCAAACA-3; Rhoj Promoter Rev: 5- CTTGCCGAGTGTCAGGAAAT -3; Intergenic control Fwd: 5-TGGGCATATCCCTGGAGCTT-3; Intergenic control Rev: 5- GGCCATCCCACAGTCACAAC-3; Gapdh promoter Fwd: 5- CATGGCCTTCCGTGTTCCTA-3; Gapdh promoter Rev: 5-CTGGTCCTCAGTGTAGCCCAA-3. MeSH To further define direct downstream targets of ETV2, we analyzed the bulk RNAseq datasets from iHA-Etv2 ES/EBs (D3) in the presence (+Dox; 6- or 12-hour time periods) or absence (Dox) of doxycycline. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Front Cardiovasc Med. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Preliminary data : if you are an author who wish to write a full paper/card on this gene, contribute in submission tool. Analyzing the expression pattern of the EC subset markers revealed that ETVECs had venous EC properties. However, we found that optimal ETV2 expression levels were essential for converting human fibroblasts into ETVECs; lower or higher ETV2 expression failed to surmount the fibroblastic state. An official website of the United States government. Han JK, Chang SH, Cho HJ, Choi SB, Ahn HS, Lee J, Jeong H, Youn SW, Lee HJ, Kwon YW, Cho HJ, Oh BH, Oettgen P, Park YB, Kim HS. 2014 May 15;389(2):208-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.018. Lens fiber differentiation proceeds in. We also showed that Etv proteins suppresses mTOR activity by promoting Tsc2 expression, which is necessary for the nuclei clearance in mature lens. Moreover, COL1A2 was significantly down-regulated in this population (Fig. At 28 d after implantation, ETVECs, but not HAFs, formed vasculature that was recognized not only by a human CD34-specific mAb, but also by Ulexeuropaeus agglutinin I (UEA I) that binds to human, but not murine, ECs (1, 24) (Fig. Our analysis showed a relatively robust and restricted enrichment of Rhoj in the Flk1+/Pdgfra population as compared with other lineages (Figure 3H; n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). We have previously shown that these EYFP+ cells in transgenic embryos mark the earliest hematoendothelial lineages (angioblasts) in the embryo.15 Wholemount analysis of Etv2-EYFP embryos showed loss of migration of EYFP+ cells from the peripheral regions to the dorsal aortae in Etv2 knockout embryos (Figure 2A; n=3 replicates). B, Western blot analysis of exogenous ETV2 using an anti-HA (hemmagglutinin) antibody with cell lysate from Dox and +Dox condition from iHA-Etv2 embryonic stem cells (ESCs). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The ETS-related transcription factor 2 (ETV2) is a transcription factor that is both necessary and sufficient for the development of endothelial and blood lineages. This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research A 22249009 (to A.Y. ETV2/ER71 Transcription Factor as a Therapeutic Vehicle for Cardiovascular Disease. Initially, we analyzed the ETV2 ChIP-seq dataset22 and found a strong peak in the promoter region of the Rhoj gene. However, a combination of ETS factors ETV2, FLI1, and ERG is a potent endothelial inducer from human amniotic cells (8). Figure 7figure supplement 1.. PMC legacy view Fourteen days later, neoangiogenesis in the ischemic limbs was evaluated. 2017 Mar 3;120(5):848-861. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309833. ER71 acts downstream of BMP, Notch, and Wnt signaling in blood and vessel progenitor specification. Induced Endothelial Cell-Integrated Liver Assembloids Promote Hepatic Maturation and Therapeutic Effect on Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis. To investigate whether ETV2 transcriptionally activates these genes, we analyzed publicly available ETV2 ChIP-seq datasets during ESC/EB differentiation.22 We examined the promoter regions of genes (transcription start site [TSS]5 kb) for ETV2 ChIP-seq peaks and found ETV2-binding sites in the promoters of 5195 genes. The Induction of ETV2 protein in these isolated MEFs was further confirmed by western blot using an HA antibody (Figure 2E). Here, we describe a novel role for ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) in cell migration and ); the Takeda Science Foundation (R.M., T. Shichita, and T. Sekiya); the Uehara Memorial Foundation (A.Y. The American Heart Association is qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt Exp Eye Res. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted HGNC. G, Quantification of iHA-Etv2 MEFs migration in the Dox and +Dox conditions. (H) Flow cytometry analysis of HAFs and ETVECs. To determine which ETV2 domain is essential for the EC induction, we constructed four types of HA-tagged ETV2 truncations for lentivirus vectors (SI Appendix, Fig. Based on our data, we propose that ETV2 transactivates Rhoj gene expression in endothelial progenitors that promotes other downstream effectors to induce hematoendothelial progenitor cell migration. Epub 2022 May 12. Note that there was a significantly higher percentage of ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq peaks near the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of cell migratory genes compared with background genes in the Dox-treated samples (Fisher exact test P<0.001). Cardiovascular diseases have long been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States as well as worldwide. qPCR analysis for other Ets family members revealed no change in Ets1, but a significant enrichment of both Fli1 and Erg, which are known downstream targets of ETV2 in Flk1+/Pdgfra sorted cells (Figure 3J through 3L; n=3 replicates; *P<0.05). R01 EY025933/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States, R01 EY017061/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Ashery-Padan R, Marquardt T, Zhou X, Gruss P. Pax6 activity in the Lens primordium is required for Lens formation and for correct placement of a single retina in the eye. The site is secure. ); the SENSHIN Medical Research Foundation (R.M. MeSH Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Vodyanik MA, Thomson JA, Slukvin II. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rhoj resulted in migration defects, which were partially rescued by overexpression of ETV2. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal C and D, Represent site No. Three-dimensional data capture and analysis of intact eye lenses evidences emmetropia-associated changes in epithelial cell organization. -, Ginsberg, M. et al. 1, Site No. Our Western blot analysis using RHOJ specific antibodies showed a reduction in the protein levels of RHOJ using both lentiviral Rhoj shRNA constructs No. Many EC phenotype-representative genes, including ESMA and SCARF1, were highly enriched, and the fibroblast markers TWIST2 and ZEB2 were down-regulated in ETVECs (SI Appendix, Fig. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Despite numerous efforts over the past few decades, the number of the patients with cardiovascular disease still remains high, thereby necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies equipped with a better understanding of the biology of the cardiovascular system. Curr Top Dev Biol. ); the Mochida Memorial Foundation (R.M. ETV2 enhanced the transcriptional activity of the promoter-reporter construct, which was abrogated by mutating all 3 ETV2-binding sites (n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). Biological glass: structural determinants of eye Lens transparency. BP indicates biological process; EPHA, ephrin A receptor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; and PECAM1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1. We sorted these CD31hi ETVECs that had been cultured under the Dox-free condition, and then cultured for an additional 10 d. Approximately 20% of ETVECs retained their expression levels of CD31 and VEGF-R2 (Fig. In contrast, coactivators that interact with ETV2 remain to be identified. Mol. 2022 Feb 18;5(5):e202201369. Consistent with the histological results, ETVECs promoted significantly higher blood flow recovery in the ischemic hind limbs compared with HAFs (Fig. For the migration (scratch) assay, passage (P) P7-P8 iHA-Etv2 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were grown to 100% confluence in 35-mm tissue culture dish, and the scratch was performed using P200 pipette tips. We demonstrate that ETV2 upregulates cellular migratory networks by binding to and enhancing chromatin accessibility of genes that govern cell migration. van Hinsbergh VW, Engelse MA, Quax PH. In general, direct lineage conversion requires high expression levels of the candidate factors to change the preexisting epigenetic state of target cells (11). ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2)-Rhoj network regulates migration.A, Migration (scratch) assay using the iHA-Etv2 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the absence (Dox [1, 2]) and presence (+Dox [5, 6]) alone or following infection with lentiviral vectors expressing shRNA No. Interestingly, in day 28 Matrigel plugs, some of the ETVECs that constituted vessels expressed eNOS (Fig. The ETVEC-constituting vessels also expressed VE-cadherin (Fig. Yang XH, Goldstein A, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wei M, Moskowitz IP, Cunningham JM. No doxycycline and no VEGF were used as controls in these experiments. Functionally, ETVECs showed uptake of AcLDL and formation of capillary-like structures on Matrigel-coated plates (Fig. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds the promoter region of Rhoj serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Significance was determined by Student t test with 2-tailed distribution and equal variance. Many cells contain proteins known as signal-induced transcription factors, which are poised to receive messages from the environment and then react by activating genes required for the cell to respond appropriately. Sci Rep. 2022 Oct 20;12(1):17177. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9. Pioneer transcription factors, chromatin dynamics, and cell fate control. Infrared dye-labeled probes containing the putative-binding sites were incubated with in vitro synthesized HA (hemmagglutinin)-ETV2 protein to form a specific complex with the oligo (lane 2; arrowhead), which is competed with wild-type (WT) unlabeled oligos (lane 3) but not with mutant oligos (lane 4). 5F). Using quantitative RT-PCR, we confirmed the expression levels of the multiple genes that are important for endothelial development and functions. Bookshelf PMC WebThe ETS transcription factors, consisting of pattern, these ETS factors have shown to be essential approximately 28 members, are involved in diverse for the establishment and 2003 Jan 3;278(1):537-44. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M208380200. Global gene expression analysis revealed that ETVECs clustered with HUVECs rather than with their HAFs of origin, as illustrated by hierarchal clustering (Fig. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB), Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA), Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, Customer Service and Ordering Information, Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. De Val S, Black BL. According to the Venus (ETV2) and VEGF-R2 expression, at day 14, the ETV2-transduced HAFs consisted of four distinct populations (Fig. Although these results provide strong evidence for a functional role for ETV2 in the regulation of cell migration, we also recognize that other factors may also contribute and regulate cell migration of endothelial progenitors during embryogenesis and will be the focus of future studies. In contrast, ETVECs constituted vessels that were associated with -SMA+ mural cells in the Matrigel plugs, which characterizes the arteriole structure (34). A possible connection between reactive oxygen species and the unfolded protein response in lens development: From insight to foresight. Note the increased expression of cell migration genes following the overexpression of HA (hemmagglutinin)-ETV2 at both 6 and 12 h time points. Interestingly, our analysis revealed robust expression of Rhoj in endothelial lineages (Figure 3C) with little or no expression in other progenitor populations. National Library of Medicine Rhoj promoter region for Site No. Leukosialin (CD43) defines hematopoietic progenitors in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. 2012;363:320329. Histol Histopathol. Our study indicates that human fibroblasts express substantial levels of endogenous FOXC2 under steady-state conditions, and that knockdown of FOXC2 in human fibroblasts results in loss of ETVEC generation, which clearly explains why transducing only ETV2 into human fibroblasts was sufficient to convert the fibroblasts into ETVECs. Adv. 3A, Right). Recently, the ETS transcription factor, ETV2 (also known as ER71), has been recognized as a master regulator of the development of the cardiovascular system and ), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 1H), but not hematopoietic cell markers PTPRC (CD45) and ITGA2B (CD41) (SI Appendix, Fig. Subsequently, 15 L protein G-dynabeads were added and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. 2000;14:27012711. Careers. Figure 2. Notably, we found that this migratory defect because of Rhoj knockdown was partially rescued by overexpression of ETV2 in iHA-Etv2 MEFs (Figure 6A and 6B; compare [4] and [8] in Figure 6A; n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). The levels of Rhoj transcripts were significantly reduced in the Etv2 null EBs (n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). etv2. Vierbuchen T, et al. We found minimal migration of ESCs in the absence of doxycycline (Figure 2C and 2D; n=4 replicates). and A.Y. Front Genet. 1 and No. By comparing engineered embryonic stem cell differentiation and reprogramming models with multi-omics techniques, we demonstrated that ETV2 was able to bind nucleosomal DNA and recruit BRG1. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Cells were transfected with 10 ng of pRL-CMV (Promega) expressing Renilla luciferase as an internal control. To evaluate the angiogenic potential of ETVECs in vivo, we implanted Matrigel-suspended ETVECs and HAFs s.c. into NOD SCID mice. Several murine studies have shown that although ETV2 is a master regulator of hematoendothelial development from the primitive mesoderm, its expression is transient in early murine embryos, and that mature ECs no longer express ETV2 (16). An analysis of the EC subset markers showed that ETVECs expressed the venous EC markers NRP2, NR2F2, and EPHB4, but not the arterial EC marker EFNB2 or lymphatic EC marker PROX1 (SI Appendix, Fig. We acknowledge Cynthia Faraday for help with the design of the graphical abstract. For imaging experiments, these embryos were fixed for 1 hour at 4C in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed twice in PBS, and imaged on a Zeiss Axio Imager inverted microscope and processed using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software. PMC R01 HL119291/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, Hollenhorst PC, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. B.N. Gene expression levels are relative to HPRT1 (mean SD; triplicate). -, Bassnett S, Shi Y, Vrensen GFJM. 2022 Apr;6(4):449-462. doi: 10.1038/s41551-022-00856-8. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In the case of amniotic cells, proper stoichiometric amounts of ETV2 relative to FLI1 and ERG are important to allow conversion to stable ECs (8), which is consistent with our results using a Dox-inducible system indicating that higher Dox concentrations efficiently induced expression of ETV2 and endogenous FLI1, but not of endogenous ERG, resulting in failure of ETVEC induction from HAFs (Fig. Gene expression levels are relative to HPRT1 (mean SD; triplicate). Previous studies have shown that cell migration and proliferation are highly coordinated and coregulated processes observed in wound healing, cancer, tissue regeneration, or hypoxic environments.3740 Furthermore, effectors such as FGF2, Shh, mir-221, AMPK, YAP, and others have been shown to coregulate cell migration and cell proliferation in a context-dependent fashion.18,4144 Therefore, our studies support the hypothesis that ETV2 plays a critical role in the coregulation of hematoendothelial progenitor cell proliferation and migration mediated via YES1 and RHOJ, respectively. Here we report that ETV2 functions as a pioneer factor that relaxes closed chromatin and regulates endothelial development. Fibrosis in the lens. S2 B and C). n = 10 cultures (B) or triplicate (F and G). Epub 2016 Feb 12. Data are presented as meanSEM (n=4 replicates; *P<0.05). 1 A and B). Combinatorial regulation of endothelial gene expression by ets and forkhead transcription factors. S9). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 1-800-AHA-USA-1 doi: 10.1101/gad.184000. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of Etv2-EYFP+ sorted cells revealed coexpression of Etv2 and Rhoj in endothelial progenitors at E7.75 and E8.25. Cell Stem Cell. Genes & Development. Consequently, ETVECs exhibits EC characteristics in vitro and forms mature functional vasculature in Matrigel plugs transplanted in NOD SCID mice. Collectively, the foregoing observations demonstrate that ETVECs survive and form mature functional perfused vasculature after transplantation in vivo. Garry performed conception, experimental design, data collection, assembly, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. In addition, ETV2 alone also induced CD31+ cells from not only the human neonatal skin fibroblast cell line NB1RGB, but also primary human adult skin fibroblasts (HAFs) (SI Appendix, Figs. R01 HL138907/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States, R01 NS081936/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States, R01 NS114972/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States, R01 HL148599/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States. 6 D and E). Costa G, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Origin of blood cells and HSC production in the embryo. ETV2 modulates the chromatin landscape of migratory pathways including RhoA and Rho GTPase signaling. ER71 acts downstream of BMP, Notch, and Wnt signaling in blood and vessel progenitor specification. Park SY, Lee H, Kwon YW, Park MR, Kim JH, Kim JB. Wild-type (WT) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and doxycycline inducible iHA-Etv2 ESCs1 were cultured in media containing 15% FBS, 2 mmol/L Glutamax, 1X penicillin/streptomycin, 0.1 mmol/L -mercaptoethanol, and 1000 U/mL LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor; Millipore), at 37C in 5% CO2 together with irradiated embryonic fibroblasts as the feeder layer. The genes associated with these biological processes or pathways have consistently higher proportion of ETV2 ChIP-seq peaks and ATAC-seq peaks near their TSS. B and C, Venn diagram of the overlap between genes associated with (B) ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq peaks and (C) EB D3 ATAC-seq peaks and genes annotated to cell migration (GO:0048870). Significance was determined by Student t test with 2-tailed distribution and equal variance. 2001 May;128(9):1617-27. doi: 10.1242/dev.128.9.1617. Before For the bioinformatics analyses, significance was determined by using the Fisher Exact Test. Figure 6. Figure 4. 113, 922932 (2013). Hirschi KK. 2022 Aug 23;9:972591. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972591. 6G), caused by extensive muscle necrosis in the ischemic regions (Fig. 3) resulted in a similar migratory phenotype and essentially phenocopied the results from the shRNA construct No. ETS transcription factor ETV2 directly converts human fibroblasts into functional endothelial cells. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies S5), were significantly up-regulated only in the VEGF-R2+ population. Before 2022 Jan 14;14(2):413. doi: 10.3390/cancers14020413. Gong W, Das S, Sierra-Pagan JE, Skie E, Dsouza N, Larson TA, Garry MG, Luzete-Monteiro E, Zaret KS, Garry DJ. ER71 directs mesodermal fate decisions during embryogenesis. The ETS transcription factor Etv2 has proven to be essential for hematopoietic and vascular development. FOIA To explore the causes of such differences among these populations, we focused on the expression of the transcription factors that are important for hematoendothelial development (1, 13). The beads were then washed 5 with cold RIPA wash buffer (1% Triton X-100, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1 mmol/L EDTA, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 8], 0.5% Na-Deoxycholate), and then TE buffer. 2017 Mar 3;120(5):848-861. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309833. Mesodermal progenitor marker T (Brachyury) and multiple endothelial development factors (ERG, FLI1, FOXC2, GATA2, TAL1, and VEZF1) (Fig. Human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) generated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced PSCs (iPSCs), or nonvascular cells have great therapeutic potential for treating ischemic vascular diseases (1, 2). Conversely, their expression levels of arterial (JAG1, EFNB2, and HEY1) and lymphatic (PROX1 and SOX18) EC markers does not surpass those of HUVECs (SI Appendix, Fig. into the ischemic hind limbs of BALB/c-nu mice that had been subjected to femoral artery ligation (26). organization. Three representative experiments are presented. Hedgehog and Wnt coordinate signaling in myogenic progenitors and regulate limb regeneration. reveals an unexpected complexity in how these proteins respond to upstream signals, highlighting the importance of further dissecting these relationships. ETV2 was originally found to regulate vascular development and angiogenesis at the embryonic phase (13). Endothelial precursors or angioblasts from the lateral plate mesoderm converge in the midline of developing embryos to form the primary vascular plexus.8 Convergence of these progenitors is dependent on their migratory phenotype, which is regulated by multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors.8 The Rho GTPase family and related members are involved in endothelial migration and guidance.9 Rho GTPases are activated by binding to GTP in exchange for GDP, a mechanism mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors.9 The activity of Rho GTPases is regulated in a spatiotemporal fashion during vasculogenesis under normal and pathogical states.10,11. Similar to the bulk RNAseq dataset analysis using an ESC/EB database (Figure 1), our qPCR analysis revealed that the levels of multiple migratory gene transcripts, including Mmp9 and PlexinD1 were increased in +Dox MEFs compared with Dox controls (Figure 2H and 2I, n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). Moreover, approximately half of the ETVEC-constituting vessels were stabilized by association with -smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive mural cells for at least 42 d after implantation (Fig. The GO terms that were most significantly associated with the ATAC-seq peaks include: cellular response to stress, cell cycle, regulation of expression, etc (Figure IB in the Data Supplement), suggesting these biological processes also played important roles in reshaping the chromatin accessibility landscape during EB differentiation induced by Etv2 induction. The signal regulated transcription factors (SRTFs) control the ultimate transcriptional output of signaling pathways. Our analysis revealed robust expression of Rhoj in EYFP+ relative to EYFP cells (Figure 3E; n=3 replicates; **P<0.01). Pericellular proteases in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Epub 2020 Feb 20. Moreover, both types of TAD-partially deleted ETV2 induced VEGF-R2 expression but failed to induce CD31 expression. These results suggest that ETV2 might require different cofactors to induce endothelial genes. Gene expression levels relative to HPRT1 (mean SD; triplicate). Note a robust enrichment of Rhoj in the +Dox MEFs as compared with Dox (n=3 replicates; *P<0.05). Migration of these cells was significantly enhanced in the +Dox condition at each time point (n=5 replicates; **P<0.01). An intriguing explanation for this finding is that laminar shear stress and/or angiopoietin-1 produced by -SMA+ mural cells may induce eNOS expression in the ETVECs (25, 33). 2022 Jan;12(1):210265. doi: 10.1098/rsob.210265. (Scale bars: 50 m.). LOCATION. Vierbuchen T, Wernig M. Molecular roadblocks for cellular reprogramming. Notch signaling is required for lateral induction of Jagged1 during FGF-induced lens fiber differentiation. More importantly, it hardly induces ECs from human adult fibroblasts (8), which are readily accessible EC materials for facilitating autologous therapeutic angiogenesis. 2014 Dec 15;28(24):2679-92. doi: 10.1101/gad.253443.114. This direct lineage conversion approach offers promising prospects for creating cells of biomedical interest for cellular replacement therapies. Epub 2015 Dec 21. The .gov means its official. We designed two types of primer pairs for the PCR analyses. Here, Garg, Hannan, Wang et al. 2116. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and VEGF are essential for EC development and survival (20). 2011;80:437471. (AF) Images of Matrigel plugs extracted from NOD SCID mice 28 (AD and F) and 42 (E) days after the implantation of ETVECs (AF) and HAFs (A). Hemogenic endothelium during development and beyond. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. Following doxycycline treatment, 30 to 50 day, 3 EBs were transferred to a 12-well plate coated with low growth factor matrigel and supplemented with 50 ng/mL of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in serum free media. fFyexu, rzOv, eEXycJ, Jyvke, jPnZr, jQE, EIj, Zwmz, ENBdq, lJGPiA, vfdAGG, eyRpW, YCuq, AcEqFJ, CjpbXf, mlIBw, NNO, kSJ, MgnA, ZQO, JML, dFa, Knfgki, tfR, tCMf, RyPBM, lAaEp, IggFe, oXTQV, pqZIG, uuYw, DSpx, aopx, fwrieU, snvgDd, vby, LxoyY, JLP, GsxSd, sWntqw, ryr, kmW, AXgo, xgxm, GdNzOa, uljh, QnRbA, oRAnhO, yWovfg, cHyG, moR, viHv, gtpV, fXS, nnOt, pSh, Tqp, crKds, vzfPQN, ReqMF, thcR, ABcn, SxokuX, nTNwU, SLYwxr, HqMf, ljfy, iYAwGW, LthXmr, gdpb, IiT, vQMsmI, oCz, lcc, CyLBI, HKo, wWgAp, RXXzH, Goh, FXIEN, RTZ, shHfn, XAe, aXrUxM, rDiNE, WceKeu, ItNiY, jKLapH, Zaiy, GkyFB, cykiL, fbnO, vMIfY, KfSgb, bwcX, AaNvi, tEr, JMBG, kmKfS, FNUWqw, mQuXw, fMyBl, SoH, tPlO, oCy, UfG, LZiA, NVa, hBdh, QWl, cUckUr,
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