SUPPOSE WE HAVE A FLAT FILE WHICH HAS A HEADER RECORD WITH FILE CREATION DATE, AND DETAILED DATA RECORDS. Design a mapping to select 9 products in such a way that 3 products should be selected from video, 3 products should be selected from Audio and the remaining 3 products should be selected from Movie. The Lookup Transformation may not perform better as the lookup table size increases and it also degrades the performance. The Internet itself was initially built as an overlay on the telephone network. Apart from any physical transmission media, networks are built from additional basic system building blocks, such as network interface controllers (NICs), repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, modems, and firewalls. Example: My source file contains the following records: Informatica 8.x or later versions provides a feature for generating the target files dynamically. SSL requires a server with a certificate. ****This expression will check when Location changes (Eg.fromMumbai to Bangalore). The SCD Type 1 methodology overwrites old data with new data, and therefore does not need to track historical data. Now compile the java code. Fuchs, C. (2011). 11.Targeting records of employees who joined in current month. We have a for loop that runs over a range of 10 numbers. Now connect the appropriate ports of expression transformation to the target definition. Or you can also use the SQL Override to perform the same. you can multiply price in rupee directly for example dollar price in rupees i.e 48 . When a client requests access to an SSL-secured server, the server sends a copy of the certificate to the client. From an engineering viewpoint, the Internet is the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets, that share the registered IP address space and exchange information about the reachability of those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. What is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software. Python provides an inbuilt function for creating, writing, and reading files. In the expression we need to use the logic as shown below and arrange the columns in the below order, V_EMP_NAME = DECODE(V_DEPT_PREV,DEPT_ID,V_DEPT|||||EMP_NAME, EMP_NAME). [46] At the same time in California, state senator Jerry Hill introduced a bill making law enforcement agencies to disclose more information on their usage and information from the Stingray phone tracker device. Generally, a VPN has a topology more complex than point-to-point. The first table should contain the following output. The function replaces the characters in the. In 1979, Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard. With packets, the bandwidth of the transmission medium can be better shared among users than if the network were circuit switched. For instance, systems described as "Web 2.0"[16] have greatly impacted modern society. [58][59] Individuals associated with high-profile rights organizations, dissident groups, protest groups, or reform groups are urged to take extra precautions to protect their online identities. http://informaticachamp.blogspot.in/2014/03/scenario-12-how-to-create-parameter.html, 119. The last two cases have a large round-trip delay time, which gives slow two-way communication but doesn't prevent sending large amounts of information (they can have high throughput). V_RETURN_VALUE = MOVINGSUM(PERSONAL_SALES,2), Connect the output port to the target and see the results, output of expression transformation, aggregator transformation to joiner. An Ethernet repeater with multiple ports is known as an Ethernet hub. Next after the Source Qualifier use an Expression transformation and create one output port say CNTR with value CUME (1). to Review Online Ads and Privacy", "Debunking Google's log anonymization propaganda", "Every move you make, Google will be watching you", "Spyware Workshop: Monitoring Software on Your OC: Spywae, Adware, and Other Software", "Office workers give away passwords for a cheap pen", "Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics", "Stuxnet: How does the Stuxnet worm spread? An IP address and the search phrase used are stored in a database for up to 18 months. Must be a character string. 2. For example, in the assembly line of a car factory, each specific tasksuch as installing the engine, installing the hood, and installing the wheelsis often done by a separate work station. In the second group, the condition should be O_count=O_total_records and connect the corresponding output group to table B. Network services are applications hosted by servers on a computer network, to provide some functionality for members or users of the network, or to help the network itself to operate. The following classes of wired technologies are used in computer networking. Step1:You have to assign row numbers to each record. Add one union transformation and configure it as follows.Group Tab. are almost entirely owned by the campus tenant or owner (an enterprise, university, government, etc.). Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol. You must use perl compatible regular expression syntax. This is to avoid integrity constraintviolations. 3.How to load unique or distinct records from flat file to target? [52] Magic Lantern is another such application, this time running in a targeted computer in a trojan style and performing keystroke logging. The effect of this today is that even a mid-level PC using distributed processing in this fashion can handle the building and running of big data pipelines. You can see the output in guru99.txt file. Check the option Add Currently Processed Flat File Name Port. 92.Design a mapping to load a target table with the following values from the above source? Drag the source to mapping area and connect each port to an expression transformation. Are you sure you want to delete the saved search? The compile button is shown in red circle in the image. Multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths. If there is no next row for the current row, then the next row salary should be displayed as null.The output should look like asemployee_id, salary, next_row_salary10, 1000, 200020, 2000, 300030, 3000, 500040, 5000, Null. 56. For example: If the number of products in videos are 1, then the remaining 2 records should come from audios or movies. [31], One can also physically place surveillance software on a computer by gaining entry to the place where the computer is stored and install it from a compact disc, floppy disk, or thumbdrive. You can create one effective_date column in old_rec table, to fetch only unique records from lookup table to cache because Dynamic Lookup Cache doesnt support duplicate value, v_count (variable port) = IIF(v_current_id!=v_previous_id,1,v_count+1). repository go to menu tool then queries. [14], Similar systems are now used by Iranian Security dept. Surveillance can be performed without censorship, but it is harder to engage in censorship without some forms of surveillance. The Internet is the largest example of internetwork. next value port of sequence generator to expression transformation. 10.How do youupdate the records with or without using Update Strategy? Engineers usually report both the maximum and average delay, and they divide the delay into several parts: A certain minimum level of delay is experienced by signals due to the time it takes to transmit a packet serially through a link. The virtual assistant(AI) has become a social integration into lives. Now edit the java transformation by double clicking on the title bar of the java transformation and go to the Java Code tab. 95:How to Load only First and Last record of Source to Target. update strategy transformation next to SQF. For the Internet, RFC2914 addresses the subject of congestion control in detail. HOW CAN WE LOAD X RECORDS (USER DEFINED RECORD NUMBERS) OUT OF N RECORDS FROM SOURCE DYNAMICALLY,WITHOUT USING FILTER AND SEQUENCE GENERATOR TRANSFORMATION? 69. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in cyber attacks. Next point this flat file final.txt, fully qualifiedwith Source file directory and Source filename. Note: The details above apply for datetime type in Transact-SQL and SQL Server. equence generator and connect the next column to expression. You can either overwrite the file or append the new data. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and for cascading additional switches. Here we will find out the AVERAGE SALARY for each(GROUP BY) DEPTNO.When we perform this aggregation, we lose the data for individual employees.To maintain employee data, we must pass a branch of the pipeline to the Aggregator Transformation and pass a branch with the same sorted source data to the Joiner transformation to maintain the original data.When we join both branches of the pipeline, we join the aggregated data with the original data. Query results window will appear. In the expression transformation, the ports will bedepartment_noemployee_nameV_curr_deptno=department_noV_employee_list = IIF(V_curr_deptno! See the source and target tables below. This is similar to the first problem. Had CBDTPA become law, it would have prohibited technology that could be used to read digital content under copyright (such as music, video, and e-books) without Digital Rights Management (DRM) that prevented access to this material without the permission of the copyright holder. Finally connect Group1 to T1, Group2 to T2 and Group3 to T3. Create the below additional ports in the expression transformation and assign the corresponding expressions: Connect the expression transformation to an aggregator transformation. Here is the iconic view of the entire mapping. You can also enter a text literal enclosed within single quotation marks, for example, 'abc'. [58], Protection of sources is no longer just a matter of journalistic ethics. Based on the previous example data set, lets say we want to get the top 2 highest salary of each department as per DENSE RANK. Go to the Mapping designer tab and create new mapping. An EXP wont help because the EXP is a passive transformation whereas for this task you need some active transformation logic. Private enterprise networks may use a combination of intranets and extranets. Generate row numbers using expression transformation by creating a variable port and incrementing it by, aggregator and do not specify any group by, to joiner transformation and apply a join on dummy port, Dummy_output (port from aggregator transformation) = Dummy_output (port from expression transformation), output to filter transformation and specify filter condition as O_total_records (port from aggregator)-O_count(port from expression) <=2, The filter condition, as a result, will be, Load Last N Records of File into Target Table Informatica, 57.Load all records except last N Informatica. NULL if the input is a null value or if the pattern is NULL. Step2: Drag all the portfrom (from the previous step) to the Aggregator transformation and group by the key column. For that, take a s. Instead of 1 you can give dd_update in update-strategy and then connect to target. A surveillance program installed on a computer can search the contents of the hard drive for suspicious data, can monitor computer use, collect passwords, and/or report back activities in real-time to its operator through the Internet connection. Up to router transformation, all the procedure is same as described in SCD type1. Target Table 1: Table containing all theunique rows, Target Table 2: Table containing all the duplicate rows. Network connections can be established wirelessly using radio or other electromagnetic means of communication. As this example shows, pipelining does not decrease the latency, that is, the total time for one item to go through the whole system. Such a multiple-item buffer is usually implemented as a first-in, first-out queue. Edit the session and enter the appropriate values for source and target connections. Here the val column contains comma delimited data and has three fields in that column.Create a workflow to split the fields in val column to separate rows. A new output port should be created as O_total_records in the aggregator and assign O_count port to it. In the Aggregator transformation ports are, In the Router Transformation group Conditions are. If we do not want to use Normalizer, then there is one alternate way for this. The buffer between two stages may be simply a hardware register with suitable synchronization and signalling logic between the two stages. There are advantages and disadvantages to network monitoring. [citation needed] On the other hand, an overlay network can be incrementally deployed on end-hosts running the overlay protocol software, without cooperation from Internet service providers. In computing, a pipeline, also known as a data pipeline, is a set of data processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. 's PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. Users are assigned an ID and password that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Informatica for Microsoft; Cloud Integration Hub; Complex Event Processing. Explain though mapping flow. In Hire_date1 write the condition like this. Intermediate nodes are typically network hardware devices such as routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches. Create a workflow and session. The physical link technologies of packet network typically limit the size of packets to a certain maximum transmission unit (MTU). The ownership of the firm's networks, servers, computers, files, and e-mail should be explicitly stated. [21] The device is connected to the home's internet, because of this law enforcement would be the exact location of the individual calling for law enforcement. The additional complexity cost of pipelining may be considerable if there are dependencies between the processing of different items, especially if a guess-and-backtrack strategy is used to handle them. In order to handle such conflicts correctly, the pipeline must be provided with extra circuitry or logic that detects them and takes the appropriate action. This led to the failure of the Clipper proposal, even though there have been many attempts to push the agenda. For example, many peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks. Hubs and repeaters in LANs have been largely obsoleted by modern network switches. Neither list is exhaustive and they are likely to be expanded in the future. Typical server-based communications systems do not include end-to-end encryption. SCD Type 1 methodology overwrites old data with new data. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology, an intranet is a community of interest under private administration usually by an enterprise, and is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. We connect the NEXTVAL port of the Sequence Generator to the surrogate keys of both the target tables.Will the Surrogate keys in both the target tables be same? These options will make the session as Update and Insert records without using Update Strategy in Target Table. It was intended to secure private communication and data by reading voice messages that are encoded and decode them. How can we load all the files in target database in a single batch run using a single mapping?Answer:After we create a mapping to load data in target database from source flat file definition, next we move onto the session property of the Source Qualifier.To load a set of source files we need to create a file say final.txt containing the source flat file names, ten files in our case and set the Source filetype option as Indirect. Participants on the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system (IP addresses) administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. endpoints typically slow down or sometimes even stop transmission entirely when the network is congested). [46] Some legislators and those holding a public office have disagreed with this technology because of the warrantless tracking, but now if a city wants to use this device, it must be heard by a public hearing. Connect all the rows from SQF to update strategy transformation. Create a source qualifier transformation and connect it to the Aggregator transformation.In aggregator transformation create a Output port O_RETURN_VALUE and assign expression SUM(PERSONAL_SALES). Scenario 5:How to remove footer from your file ? The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. Endpoints which provide or use a service interface (providers and consumers) can be directly simulated in CANoe. Join these two data sources using Location_ID. Scenario 6: How to send first half record to target? Another method to avoid the negative effects of network congestion is implementing priority schemes so that some packets are transmitted with higher priority than others. Organizations can also be involved in infringement suits through employees that distribute copyrighted material over corporate networks. Early modems modulated audio signals sent over a standard voice telephone line. Tim O Reilly, who first explained the concept of "Web 2.0",[16] stated that Web 2.0 provides communication platforms that are "user generated", with self-produced content, motivating more people to communicate with friends online. Most modern computer networks use protocols based on packet-mode transmission. to corresponding month and date of year. Sorter, Expression and Filter transformation. Pull the source to mapping and then connect it to expression. Then connect to router transformation. When we connect the NEXTVAL output port of the Sequence Generator directly to the surrogate key columns of the target tables, the Sequence number will not be the same.A block of sequence numbers is sent to one target tables surrogate key column. Union Transformation is a multiple input group transformation and it has only one output group. When money or sensitive information is exchanged, the communications are apt to be protected by some form of communications security mechanism. [55], Surveillance and censorship are different. Step 1: Source qualifier: get the source table to the mapping area. 118.How to Create Parameter File Dynamically? Depending on the installation requirements, network performance is usually measured by the quality of service of a telecommunications product. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal LAN of an organization. For example, use the following expression to find account numbers that begin with 1835: To verify that values are characters, use a REG_MATCH function with the regular expression [a-zA-Z]+. IF NOT HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE THIS? The username that I am talking about is called the Schema owner, or more appropriately the owner of Normal keylogging programs store their data on the local hard drive, but some are programmed to automatically transmit data over the network to a remote computer or Web server. SUPPOSE WE HAVE A SOURCE QUALIFIER TRANSFORMATION THAT POPULATES TWO TARGET TABLES. Enter the reason for rejecting the comment. It opens in text mode. UseUnix script to create/updateparameter file with file record count (wc l) .this parameter file will supply the value to mapping variable$$Record_Count, http://dwhlaureate.blogspot.com/2012/09/4-scenarios-where-we-would-use-stored.html, http://dwhlaureate.blogspot.com/2013/02/informatica-scenarios-based-questions.html, Need to lookup on File with multiple records and extract records with specific condition (For example in this case only account number starting with 12), a)In the Lookup condition give the option for Multiple Output for the matching records (this option only available for Informatica 9).The output in Lookup will be as below(Data in Expression), b)In expression check for the account starting with 12 using below condition, IIF (SUBSTR (Account_number, 1, 1) =12, 1, 0), c)Next step is quite simple. In filter set deptno=$$v1 (that means only dept no 20 record will go to the target.). Take the Output from Joiner-1 and ports from Locations Table and bring them to Joiner-2. Target table rows , with each row as sum of all previous rows from source table. If an unknown destination MAC is targeted, the device broadcasts the request to all ports except the source, and discovers the location from the reply. CBDTPA was known as the "Security Systems and Standards Certification Act" (SSSCA) while in draft form and was killed in committee in 2002. Then send the two group to different targets. In the joiner transformation check the property sorted input, then only you can connect both expression and aggregator to joiner transformation. A communication protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network. For every row generated by an active source, the Integration Service loads the corresponding transformed row first to the primary key table, then to the foreign key table.Hence if we have one Source Qualifier transformation that provides data for multiple target tables having primary and foreign key relationships, we will go for Constraint based load ordering. The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table. Connect the source qualifier transformation to the expression transformation. Suppose we have 100 records coming from the source. Create a source qualifier transformation and connect it to two separate expression transformation. Drag the source to mapping and connect it to. 62.How can we implement aggregation operation without using an Aggregator Transformationin Informatica? A darknet is an anonymizing network where connections are made only between trusted peers sometimes called "friends" (F2F)[45] using non-standard protocols and ports. The complete IEEE 802 protocol suite provides a diverse set of networking capabilities. The string you want to replace. Specify the filter condition as NEXTVAL > 5. With the advent of programs such as the Total Information Awareness program, technologies such as high-speed surveillance computers and biometrics software, and laws such as the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act, governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of citizens. 47. The following table describes the arguments for this command: Must be an integer. IN THE TARGET WE WANT TO VIEW THOSE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY ARE GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE AVERAGE SALARY FOR THEIR DEPARTMENTS. STEP4:Now connect the expression transformation to the transaction control transformation and specify the transaction control condition as. [28] A keylogger is an example of this type of program. [3], Many civil rights and privacy groups, such as Reporters Without Borders, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the American Civil Liberties Union, have expressed concern that increasing surveillance of citizens will result in a mass surveillance society, with limited political and/or personal freedoms. (I have given a red mark there). . Typical effects of congestion include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new connections. (How to load all Employees data based upon Deptno in different target file through single Target Instance and Single Mapping. Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or processes are carried out simultaneously. Just change the expression in expression transformation to EMP_||to_char(sessstarttime, YYYYMMDD)||.dat. [33], One common form of surveillance is to create maps of social networks based on data from social networking sites as well as from traffic analysis information from phone call records such as those in the NSA call database,[34] and internet traffic data gathered under CALEA. You have to click on the button indicated in red color circle to add the special port. Add the ports to the target. Assign the value V_COUNT in 1st expression and V_COUNT-1 in the 2nd expression as shown below. Suppose I want to send three targets. = V_prev_deptno,employee_name,V_employee_list||,||employee_name)V_prev_deptno=department_noO_employee_list = V_employee_list. For example UCASE(), NOW() are calculated with respect to string. ", "Social Network Analysis as an Approach to Combat Terrorism: Past, Present, and Future Research", "Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk? Viruses often spread to thousands or millions of computers, and leave "backdoors" which are accessible over a network connection, and enable an intruder to remotely install software and execute commands. The only difference is after router, bring the new_rec to router and give condition dd_insert send to. This differs from other protocols such as the Internet Protocol Suite or Ethernet that use variable-sized packets or frames. In update strategy properties write the condition like this. In expression create one o/p port c_year_mm_dd, make it to date type and in that port write the condition like this. Scenario:In Dept table there are four departments (dept no 40,30,20,10). See image below. Whenever the session runs you need to create a new file dynamically and load the source data into that file. Create the Joiner -1 to join Employees and Departments using Department_ID. In this case, the underlying network is an IP network, and the overlay network is a table (actually a map) indexed by keys. In 2015, lawmakers in California passed a law prohibiting any investigative personnel in the state to force businesses to hand over digital communication without a warrant, calling this Electronic Communications Privacy Act. Unofficially, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises, and content providers that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers (ISP). For example, a large company might implement a backbone network to connect departments that are located around the world. Connect col2 from Source Qualifier to port in exp_2. ), Ex:If Deptno=10 then create Target file as DEPT10.txt, If Deptno=20 then create Target file as DEPT20.txt, If Deptno=30 then create Target file as DEPT30.txt, http://informaticachamp.blogspot.in/2014/03/scenario-4-how-to-create-target-files.html. A firewall is a network device or software for controlling network security and access rules. The ports in soter transformation will be, Step 4:Discard O_count port and connect the sorter transformation to an expression transformation. As each element finishes processing its current data item, it delivers it to the common output buffer, and takes the next data item from the common input buffer. Now the question is what will be the filter conditions.First of all we need an Expression Transformation where we have all the source table columns and along with that we have another i/o port say seq_num, which gets sequence numbers for each source row from the port NEXTVAL of a Sequence Generator start value 0 and increment by 1.Now the filter condition for the three router groups will be: Suppose that a source contains a column which holds the salary information prefixed with the currency code , for example EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL DEPTNO 7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 $300 20 7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 30 7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 8500 30 In the target different currency will evaluate to a single currency value, for example covert all to Rupees. To avoid overwriting the file, use Append If Exists option in the session properties. [21] They are constantly listening for command and recording parts of conversations that will help improve algorithms. The output of default group should be connected to table C. . Separate the record to different target department wise. Send the all ports to a router and make three groups as bellow, mod(NEXTVAL,30) >= 21 and mod(NEXTVAL,30) <= 29 or mod(NEXTVAL,30) = 0, mod(NEXTVAL,30) >= 11 and mod(NEXTVAL,30) <= 20, mod(NEXTVAL,30) >= 1 and mod(NEXTVAL,30) <= 10. STEP2:Now connect all the three Source Qualifier transformations to the Union Transformation. Design the mapping just like an INSERT only mapping, without Lookup, Update Strategy Transformation. There are many communication protocols, a few of which are described below. [35][36][37], Many U.S. government agencies such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are currently investing heavily in research involving social network analysis. In expression add one column and make it output(sal1) and sal port as input only. http://informaticachamp.blogspot.in/2014/06/scenario-23-how-to-join-two-tables.html. source table:ID is the key column, Name and Phone No are non-key columns. In the sorter transformation specify the sort key as o_count and sort order as DESCENDING. We can have several options for handling database operations such as insert, update, delete. Suppose the input is: 62.How can we implement aggregation operation without using an Aggregator Transformationin Informatica?We will use the very basic concept of the Expression Transformation, that at a time we can access the previous row data as well as the currently processed data in an expression transformation.What we need is simple Sorter, Expression and Filter transformation to achieve aggregation at Informatica level.For detailed understanding visit Aggregation without Aggregator. 35.Target table rows , with each row as sum of all previous rows from source table. A period matches any one character. You can now add comments to any guide or article page. to corresponding month and date of year, 21.Sending to target with days difference more than 2 days, 28.Count the no of vowel present in emp_name column, 29.Converting $ symbol to RS. in sal column, 30.sending data one after another to three tables in cyclic order, Suppose we have a source table and we want to load three target tables based on source rows such that first, row moves to first target table, second row in second target table, third row in third target table, fourth row. This will give us the top 3 employees earning maximum salary in their respective departments. The Internet's rapid development has become a primary form of communication. Scenario: Suppose you are importing a flat file emp.csv and hire_date colummn is in numeric format, like 20101111 .Our objective is convert it to date,with a format YYYYMMDD. If yes, we proceed ahead, Step 3) Use f.read to read file data and store it in variable content for reading files in Python, Step 4) Print contents for Python read text file. When you run the code (f1=f.readlines()) to read file line by line in Python, it will separate each line and present the file in a readable format. HOW WILL YOU LOAD A SOURCE FLAT FILE INTO A STAGING TABLE WHEN THE FILE NAME IS NOT FIXED? http://informaticachamp.blogspot.in/2014/03/scenario-8-how-to-implement-scd2-with.html, While Implementing SCD2 with Dynamic Lookup the challenge is to fetch only unique records from lookup table to cache because Dynamic Lookup Cache doesnt support duplicate value and session will fail if any duplicate records is trying to insert into Lookup Cache. 88.How to create Target Files Dynamically. In expression write the condition like this. It offers connection-less and connection-oriented services over an inherently unreliable network traversed by datagram transmission using Internet protocol (IP). How to insert first 1 to 10 record in T1, records from 11 to 20 in T2 and 21 to 30 in T3.Then again from 31 to 40 into T1, 41 to 50 in T2 and 51 to 60 in T3 and so on i.e in cyclic order. It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent agency. Consider the following employees data as source, employee_id, salary 10, 1000 20, 2000 30, 3000 40, 5000, 48.Design a mapping to get the previous row salary for the current row. Russian Virtual Computer Museum", "NIHF Inductee Paul Baran, Who Invented Packet Switching", "NIHF Inductee Donald Davies, Who Invented Packet Switching", "Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)", "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history", "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers", "C.T.N.E. The + tells the python interpreter for Python open text file with read and write permissions. 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